Hydraulics

hydraulic considerations are essential in infrastructure planning, particularly for projects involving water pipelines, drainage systems, flood prone areas, and river crossings optioneer incorporates hydraulic data into the routing process to account for factors like flow rates and topography, along with operational expenses (opex) optioneer helps minimize costly redesigns and mitigate potential infrastructure risks by proactively identifying potential hydraulic challenges when enabled, optioneer will calculate and optimize for opex based on simplified hydraulic calculations, including head and friction losses these calculations are based on pipe and system specifications, along with the vertical profile of pipeline for the proposed option key terms pre ssure force app lied to the fluid/weight of the fluid per area hydraulic head sum of all pressures/energy that the fluid has head loss losses due to elevation changes friction loss losses due to the fluid 'rubbing' against the pipeline static head the start max elevation difference pressure that the pump needs to overcome minimum static head + input pressure total hydraulic head the total hydraulic head that you need to pump velocity mean velocity of the fluid, based on the mass flow rate and diameter pipe where are hydraulics located within the platform? hydraulics sit within optioneer's configuration panel they are a subset of parameters that can be set up for onshore pipelines to activate them navigate to parameters < select the configuration you want to edit locate the subset of design rules called no value and toggle on components for pipeline pumping costs parameters and pipeline pumping technical parameters these cover the costing and technical inputs of an on shore pipeline, handling the calculations related to the pumping and no pumping elements of the project these pumping parameters work together and must be activated together left inactive, the configuration will be unable to find non pumping, 'gravity fed' options key hydraulic datasets to provide additional context to any hydraulic considerations within your project, consider using continuum's data library for supplementary gis data depending upon your region, data will be available covering the following themes flood zones rivers/woatercourses/streams geology, including soil and rock types when should you use optioneer's hydraulics? even if an onshore pipeline does not strictly require pumps for normal operation, you might still consider including pumping components, e g for added control over pressure and flow rates, or to overcome friction losses optioneer allows you to configure hydraulics for pumping and gravity fed routing pumping if your project is an onshore pipeline that requires at least one pump within the route then you should enable optioneer's pumping parameters include them within the configuration if you're running a generation case, or evaluating a particular route considerations select the pipeline size, target flow rate of pipeline and required minimum velocities to avoid potential issues with routing and infeasible results if this information is not known, https //shared archbee space/doc/rvomu2ikexd6qpx ghfxr/kffkgci0sxqmjsfyuevri should allow for an initial 'first pass' that should be examined and adjusted to optimize for the specific pipeline pumping is activated automatically for configurations with pumps already in place when a set of criteria has already been met this includes when the start point is significantly lower than the end point, pumping will most likely be the only option returned by optioneer g oes into negative pressure along the route, pumping will automatically activate to compensate for the required amount of extra pressure head to overcome the negative pressure t otal head is less than the minimum head set by the user non pumping (gravity fed) pipelines if your onshore pipeline does not require pumps, pumping parameters must still be enabled to generate routing options and evaluate different paths similar to pumped systems in optioneer, non pumping configurations will display hydraulic data charts to set up these gravity fed systems, navigate to the pumping parameters under the parameters tab set the number of pumps and standby pumps to 0 (the default is 1), to reflect a gravity fed system ⛔ important if pumping parameters are inactive, hydraulic calculations will not be applied, leading to inaccurate results always enable pumping components, even for gravity fed systems 🌟 top tip adding input pressure for gravity fed systems, we highly recommend including an additional input pressure to simulate the pressure head from a storage tank or reservoir at the start of the route to set this up navigate to pipeline pumping technical parameters < flow specifications < additional input pressure example if a storage tank or reservoir is 10m deep, set additional input pressure to 1 bar to account for this height how can you use optioneer's hydraulic data? analysis outputs optioneer provides you with the following hydraulic outputs costing outputs technical outputs total pump opex total eica opex pipe volume total mechanical opex pipe mass annual pump opex annual opex opex for pipeline mechanical cost split over each point opex for pipeline eica cost split over each point opex for pipeline pumping electricity split over each point discount period capex for pipeline pumps capex for pipeline pumps split over each point totex for pipeline pumps totex for pipeline pumps installation and operation split over each point cumulative friction loss values across pipeline in head form head loss values across pipeline in head form pressure values across pipeline in head form friction loss values across pipeline in head form velocity values across pipeline constraint incurred in locations where pipelines undergo no go pressure values installed power requirement total head friction head mean velocity static head excess head flow rate if you want to compare an option with a comprehensive set of these metrics , navigate to the results library and add the desired metrics to the table via edit columns for a more visual approach, head to the analysis tab here, you can see how hydraulic data varies along the length of an option , including velocity constraint velocity pressure constrain pressure hydraulic head friction loss head loss totex objective costs of pipeline pumps to access the chart, select the option you'd like to examine from option selection then navigate to option comparison > long selection > composition from here, select the pipeline and totex parameters from the dropdown menu composition chart with values for pipeline parameters like head loss, on a visual composition chart in optioneer's analysis interface note in cases where a pumping configuration is run and gravity fed options are available and a viable outcome, optioneer will return these the opex cost will reflect this, showing that there is no pumping costs on these particular options you can also use analysis tools to create hydraulic head graphs to understand the pumping requirements of an option vertical profile chart in optioneer line graph with fluctuating elevation engagement optioneer’s hydraulic tools provide a clear, visual way to explore and communicate pumping requirements, which include visualising terrain challenges – use 3d and https //shared archbee space/doc/skmc dgthrasxesish 7v/ikdzc vztwqumehshzffo to better understand elevation changes and their effect on pumping map linked charts – select any point on a chart to highlight its location on the map, making it easy to identify and address potential problem areas export and share – the composition and vertical profile charts generated in your analysis can be exported for team collaboration or stakeholder review 3d view of terrain in optioneer, including an option centred between a mountain range calculations for an in depth look at optioneer's hydraulic calculations best practices for optioneer's hydraulics when evaluating a pipeline design in optioneer, consider the following factors to avoid risk and ensure efficiency avoiding pipeline risks velocity a high velocity increases friction loss, reducing efficiency, while a low velocity can lead to water stagnation pressure negative pressure can cause a siphon effect, while excessive pressure can be hazardous head loss high head loss leads to inefficient energy use in pumps an efficient pipeline maintains a balanced set of values for these parameters since they are interrelated, adjusting one will impact the others however, by focusing on optimising velocity, the other parameters will generally align with a good design recommended velocity ranges according to british standards, https //knowledge bsigroup com/products/design installation testing and maintenance of services supplying water for domestic use within buildings and their curtilages specification?version=standard , the maximum allowable pipeline velocity is 3m/s the european standard, https //www thenbs com/publicationindex/documents/details?pub=bsi\&docid=250780# text=specifies%3a%20general%20requirements%20for%20water,general%20requirements%20for%20inclusion%20in , recommends a velocity range of 0 5 2 m/s , with exceptions up to 3 5 m/s in extreme cases these values serve as general guidelines the ideal velocity range may vary depending on the project’s location and specific requirements designing an efficient pipeline optimising for velocity to reach a target velocity, adjust the design inputs accordingly flow rate increasing or decreasing the flow rate will directly impact velocity pipe size a larger pipe diameter reduces velocity, while a smaller diameter increases it we recommend iterating on these values until the final velocity falls within the 0 5 3 m/s range for a deeper understanding of how these parameters interact, refer to the calculations page above limits limits optioneer’s hydraulic calculations provide high level estimates and can be used as a resource for initial exploration however, for detailed pressure modelling, surge analysis, or network based simulations, dedicated hydraulic software should be used a to b connections only – optioneer’s hydraulics work on point to point routes and do not model networked water systems, which require specialized hydraulic modelling this includes waypoints between the connections, e g a to waypoint to waypoint to b not compatible with scenarios – hydraulic calculations cannot be applied to scenario based analyses within optioneer relative cost estimates – cost outputs are comparative rather than absolute pipeline fixtures & bends – hydraulic results in optioneer do not account for pipeline fixtures and bends